Beyond the battlefield: strengthening security governance to combat violent extremism in West Africa’s Coastal States

The rising threat of violent extremism in Coastal West Africa demands a recalibration of security strategies. While military responses are often emphasized, the efficacy of these efforts is intrinsically linked to the quality of security sector governance. Enhancing oversight and accountability within defense and security institutions is crucial for effectively countering extremist threats and fostering long-term stability in the region.

Current challenges in security sector governance significantly hamper counter-extremism efforts. Weak oversight institutions, the politicization of security forces, and endemic corruption contribute to a cycle of ineffectiveness and public distrust. The erosion of military professionalism, exemplified by recent coups in the broader West African region, further undermines the legitimacy and capability of security institutions. These governance deficits create vulnerabilities that extremist groups can exploit, whether through infiltration or by capitalizing on public disillusionment.

The mismanagement of resources intended for counter-extremism initiatives is particularly concerning. A 2020 audit in Niger, for instance, revealed that nearly 40% of defense procurement funds had been lost to fraud. Such financial leakages not only deprive security forces of necessary resources but also erode public confidence in the state’s ability to address security challenges. This loss of trust can lead to reduced cooperation from local communities, a critical component in effective counter-extremism strategies.

To re-calibrate the response to violent extremism, Coastal West African nations must prioritize robust security sector governance reforms. Strengthening legislative oversight of the security sector is paramount. This involves not only empowering defense and security committees within parliaments but also providing technical support to legislative staffers to enhance their capacity for effective oversight. Transparency in defense budgeting and procurement processes should be institutionalized, with clear mechanisms for detecting and addressing irregularities.

Investing in the professionalization of security forces is equally crucial. This entails reinforcing norms of constitutionalism, integrity, and respect for human rights through comprehensive training programs and clear codes of conduct. The stark separation between military and political roles must be upheld and reinforced through legal frameworks and public education initiatives.

Empowering independent oversight bodies, such as ombudspersons and anti-corruption agencies, can provide additional layers of accountability. These institutions should be guaranteed independence through secure funding mechanisms and robust legal protections. Their mandate to investigate and address misconduct within the security sector must be unequivocal and enforceable.

Furthermore, fostering engagement between the security sector, civil society, and the media can contribute to a more holistic governance approach. Encouraging press coverage of security affairs and supporting civil society organizations in their watchdog role can help connect defense and security forces to the broader population, thereby strengthening their ability to serve communities effectively.

The potential benefits of improved security sector governance in countering violent extremism are substantial. Enhanced oversight and accountability can lead to more effective and efficient use of resources in counter-extremism operations. Increased public trust can foster greater cooperation between security forces and local communities, a critical factor in early warning systems and intelligence gathering. Moreover, well-governed security institutions are better positioned to engage in regional security cooperation, creating a more unified front against transnational extremist threats.

As Coastal West African nations grapple with the complex challenge of violent extremism, they must recognize that the strength of their response lies not just in military might, but in the integrity and effectiveness of their security institutions. Re-calibrating security sector governance through enhanced oversight and accountability is not a peripheral concern—it is central to building resilient states capable of countering extremist narratives and actions.

This re-calibration requires concerted efforts from governments, civil society, and international partners. It demands political will to implement sometimes difficult reforms and a long-term vision that prioritizes institutional strength over short-term expediency. By investing in robust security sector governance, Coastal West African nations can lay the foundation for more effective counter-extremism strategies and, ultimately, a more stable and secure region.